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August 5

The First 5 Days: The Key to Success

Make the start of the new school year go smoothly by preparing for students’ questions and anxieties before the first day of class.

By Cheryl Abla
August 1, 2022
A high school teacher greets students as they enter her classroom
ZUMA Press Inc / Alamy Stock Photo

Creating a “just right” classroom environment where all students feel they belong is key to a successful school year. The first five days can set you and your students up for a joyful and successful year or semester. As with all new learning, you’ll need to review and reteach after the first couple of weekends, after a longer weekend, and always after a holiday break.

Prior to the first day of school, have your classroom prepared with nothing left to chance. You make hundreds of decisions every single day, so let’s simplify the questions that might come up.

First, put yourself in the shoes of your students and picture yourself walking through the classroom door. “Where do I put my items?” “Where is my desk?” “I forgot to bring something to write with—what do I do?” “I’ve been out sick—how do I know what I missed or what we are currently doing in class?” Run through every scenario you can think of and then prepare for it.

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DAY 1

Nothing is more important than building a strong relationship with your students. John C. Maxwell, who, according to Inc. magazine, is “widely considered to be one of the world’s top leadership thinkers,” said, “Students don’t care how much you know until they know how much you care.” Creating a safe, free-from-failing classroom environment sets all your students up for a risk-taking mindset. To reach a student’s mind, you need to first touch their heart and let them know you’re there for them, you care about them as a human being, and you believe in them. You should also make sure you can pronounce their names correctly from the start; take notes on pronunciations as needed.

About you: Students, like adults, make split-second judgments, so how you begin those first couple of minutes of the first class period will tell your students more than you can imagine. Leave going over the class syllabus to day two or three; today, let’s get to know one another. Do something upbeat, light, and fun to help you get to know your students. Here are some suggestions. Let students see that you’re a genuine person. Share a little about yourself: hobbies, struggles you had in school, favorite lessons to teach, why you got into teaching, pets, etc.

About your students: Pair up students with one another, and have them create a four-slide PowerPoint presentation about each other. Have the students give their presentations to the class or in small groups. Here are some ideas for slides:

  • Slide one: What name do you like to be called (pronunciation and/or nickname)?
  • Slide two: What’s something interesting about you—a hobby, you’re double-jointed, you moved here from Portugal?
  • Slide three: What’s your favorite place to be and why?
  • Slide four: What’s one thing you’d like to learn more about?

Give a student survey. This can be in digital form or with paper and pencil, or in smaller classrooms, you can verbally ask your students to tell you more about themselves. For example:

  • What name do you like to be called?
  • How do you learn best—hands-on, reading, listening, independent, small group?
  • What are your interests?
  • How do you like to be recognized for accomplishments and hard work?
  • Is there anything else I should know that will impact your learning—a job, sports, a caregiver, challenges?

A group activity to assess leadership styles and work ethic: Have students, in groups of three, create the tallest tower in 10 minutes. Students can use toothpicks and marshmallows, dried spaghetti and marshmallows, Popsicle sticks and clay, or anything that’s easily accessible. Listen to their conversations and take notes:

  • Who took charge?
  • Who is sitting back and observing?
  • Who is the problem solver?

DAY 2

Students, like adults, want to know, “What’s the plan?” “Are there procedures or processes to follow in the classroom, leaving the classroom, in the hallway, and cafeteria?” “Will this be a ‘positive intent’ type of classroom or a ‘gotcha doing wrong’ type of classroom?” “How will I know if I am doing and learning what I’m supposed to?” “What if I don’t follow the expectations?”

Create classroom norms together. Go over and demonstrate the procedures and processes of everything that will or might take place in your classroom. For example:

  • Restroom procedures
  • Homework policy
  • Where to find classroom supplies and what the policy is for using them
  • Syllabus

Using affirming statements when you see students following the procedures and processes is a simple way to reinforce their new learning. Talk to your students about positive affirmations:

  • Explain what they are.
  • Ask students how they like to receive positive affirmations (whole class or individual recognition).
  • Clarify whether you set classroom or team goals.

DAY 3

As we continue to work on processes and procedures, it’s imperative that all students understand the reason why academic talk will be a part of every lesson, every day, and the expectations. Explain to your students why discussing what they’re learning is one of the most valuable steps in the learning process. To illustrate this, show a video of students using a talking structure—Numbered Heads Together, think-pair-share, etc.

It’s also important to explicitly clarify everyone’s role in the discussion process, whether it’s in groups of two or five. Use the “fishbowl” approach and have students model the process.

Teach collaboration and communication skills by grouping students into pairs, triads, quads, or quintets, and practice. Pose engaging topics. For example: Should there be recess or no recess? What are the traits of a good teacher? What makes lessons engaging? Discuss a hot topic that’s currently in the news, but as always be selective to avoid something too controversial or divisive. Finally, practice, practice, practice.

DAY 4

Now students are ready to learn, so it’s time to go back to the students’ perceptions. It’s important to be explicitly clear about the learning and why the students need to learn the content. What’s the relevance to the students? When will they apply the new knowledge and how? This is all part of creating smooth processes and procedures, leaving nothing to chance. For instance, with bell work, students’ questions likely will include the following:

  • “What is it; why are we doing it?”
  • “What do I do when I’m finished with it?”
  • “What if I just got here and haven’t even started the bell work and the teacher is collecting it?”
  • “Does it count for or against my grade?”

DAY 5

It’s time to engage the learners and dive into the very first lesson of the school year. You’ve prepared meticulously and everything is ready to go. You’ve asked and answered the questions:

  • What am I going to do to engage students in the content to help them see the relevance of learning this concept?
  • What connections do they already have to the content?
  • Will I start with a story? Video? Article? What materials will I need?
  • What structures are in place for them to discuss and process their new learning?
  • How will I know that everyone understands the concepts or processes throughout the lesson?
  • How will they practice their new learning in some form of application?
  • How should I wrap up the lesson and begin building the bridge to tomorrow’s, so that they are eager to return and learn more.

GO SLOW TO GO FAST

The adage “go slow to go fast” was written for teachers beginning a new school year. If you take your time to intentionally teach every procedure and process that might come up during a regular school day, with nothing left to chance, you’re simply adding days of instruction back into your semester or school year, because everything has been spelled out, practiced, and reviewed, so that you won’t need to use instructional time to explain simple structures.

Every school’s expectations for the first few days are a little different. Some schools have preassessments that teachers must conduct, some have benchmarking assessments, and others have specific academic expectations.

Regardless of what those required expectations are for your school, you want to explicitly teach, review, practice, and enjoy your new learning community. Being prepared before the first day can help ensure that you can meet these goals and have a productive and rewarding school year.

Category: Classroom Management, Intellectual Engagement, Social Emotional, Teaching Strategies | LEAVE A COMMENT
March 9

8 ways to make vocabulary instruction more effective

8 ways to make vocabulary instruction more effective

BY TIMOTHY RASINSKI
PUBLISHED: MAY 27, 2020

(Image credit: Unsplash)

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Proficient reading requires the reader to comprehend and learn from a text. Similarly, proficient comprehension requires the reader to understand the words in a text. According to scholars, understanding word meaning accounts for as much as 80% of reading comprehension.

Writing also requires knowing and using a large number of vocabulary words. Further, every content area has its own specialized words and concepts.

Yet, vocabulary instruction has not been a priority in many schools. Another challenge is that it has not been highly effective or engaging. When vocabulary instruction does occur, it tends to be rote memorization, which students and teachers have come to dread.

While teaching vocabulary can be a complex and challenging task, the payoff is well worth the effort: higher reading proficiency, better writing and stronger learning across a wide range of subjects. Following are some general principles to help guide teachers in developing or choosing a vocabulary curriculum.

Make vocabulary instruction integrative

New words and concepts are best learned (and taught) in relation to students’ existing and developing word knowledge. Teaching words that are related to one another allows students to make connections between words. Also, rather than teaching words in isolation, vocabulary instruction should be woven into what students are already reading and studying.

  • Make teachable moments out of interesting words encountered in authentic reading experiences.
  • Integrate vocabulary instruction into the content areas.
  • Connect vocabulary learning to a current event.

Involve active processing and discussion

A vocabulary program should offer plenty of ways to talk about words and engage in meaningful activity with words. This gets students thinking deeply about words.

  • Ask students to come up with synonyms or antonyms, then discuss how the specific words are similar and different.
  • Engage students in categorizing a set of words or do a cloze activity that provides opportunities to actively engage in word study and exploration.

Provide repeated exposure

To learn word meanings and use words correctly, students need repeated exposure in a variety of contexts and modalities. Moreover, those exposures should occur over a period of days and weeks rather than one or two days.

  • Give students opportunities to see words in various textual contexts: word walls, cloze sentences, word sorts, word mapping, word games, etc.
  • Ask parents and other school staff to use the words in their own interactions with students.

Focus on meaningful word parts

Effective vocabulary instruction takes advantage of morphology by helping students understand how words are made up of meaningful components: base words, prefixes, suffixes, and inflected endings.

  • For example, knowledge of morphology helps students understand that when bi- is used as the prefix the word may include the notion of two-ness, and that the prefix tri- means the word may have something to do with threes (e.g., tricycle, triangle).
  • Many base words in English are derived from Latin and Greek roots. Helping students detect the root in words and associate it with the original meaning can give them a productive approach for coming to the meaning of the word. For example, knowing that spect is a Latin root that means to see or observe, students can infer that the following words also address seeing or observing: spectacle, spectacular, spectator, inspect, inspection, retrospection, circumspection, etc.

Differentiate instruction and practice.

Digital tools can help in teaching words based on context clues and meaning, and make it easier to differentiate vocabulary instruction and practice. For example, using digital resources such as Vocabulary A-Z, teachers can choose from premade vocabulary lessons and word lists or create their own lessons, and then connect them to their current topics of study or popular reading series.

  • Assign differentiated lessons to students for online independent practice.
  • Use digital reports to monitor student needs and inform instruction for individuals or the whole class.

Make it game-like

From Scrabble to Balderdash, adults play a variety of word games. Creating opportunities for students to play heightens their attention to and appreciation of word study.

  • Make games a regular event in a vocabulary-rich classroom, rather than playing only after students’ work is done.
  • Use online and mobile game-based activities to motivate students and extend their learning outside of the classroom.

Take control

Most of all, teachers should have some degree of ownership over how vocabulary is taught. They should have control over the words taught and the methods used to teach those words. Simply following an existing scripted vocabulary program denies teachers and students the opportunity to make words their own.

Make vocabulary a priority

To help all students become proficient readers and writers, and learn important content, we cannot overlook vocabulary. Now is the time for teachers at all grade levels to dedicate themselves to making vocabulary an instructional priority.

Timothy Rasinski, Ph.D,  is a professor of literacy education at Kent State University and director of its award-winning reading clinic. He also holds the Rebecca Tolle and Burton W. Gorman Endowed Chair in Educational Leadership. Tim has written more than 200 articles and has authored, co-authored, or edited 50 books or curriculum programs on reading education. Tim is past-president of the College Reading Association, which also awarded him the A. B. Herr and Laureate Awards for his scholarly contributions to literacy education. In 2010, Tim was elected to the International Reading Hall of Fame. Follow him on Twitter @TimRasinski1.

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Category: Assessment, Classroom Management, Collaboration, ELA, ELL, Intellectual Engagement, Math, Reading, Reading Intervention, Teaching Strategies, Word Analysis/Spelling/Phonics | LEAVE A COMMENT
February 23

Video-Students Unpack Learning Targets

https://eleducation.org/resources/students-unpack-a-learning-target

Category: Assessment, Classroom Management, ELA, Intellectual Engagement, Reading, Reading Intervention, Teaching Strategies | LEAVE A COMMENT
February 23

LITERACY Early Literacy Strategies That Work

LITERACY

Early Literacy Strategies That Work

A first-grade teacher describes how she changed her approach to teaching reading using research-based insights.

By Lisa Hanifan
February 17, 2022
Kindergarten teacher and student reading a picture book
SDI Productions / iStock

As a first-grade teacher, I thought I knew how to teach reading—I’ve even received accolades for my pedagogy. During guided reading I would pull small groups of kids based on ability, spending 15–20 minutes with each. We would read through our story of the week by taking a picture walk to help us understand the story. If students were stuck on a word, I would cue them to sound it out and look at the picture.

It wasn’t until I started to dig deeper into the science behind how people learn to read that I began to reflect on how I had been teaching reading in my classroom. Reading is not a natural process, but one that must be taught explicitly and systematically. Further, as Natalie Wexler discusses in The Knowledge Gap, reading is a human right: Teaching all students to read is an issue of both equity and social justice.

I realized that a shift in my practice was vital if I wanted to reach all of my students—and this is how I made that shift.

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READING STRATEGIES THAT WORK

Daily phonemic awareness: Phonemic awareness, the ability to identify and manipulate individual sounds in spoken language, is crucial in the development of early readers. I began spending around 10 minutes a day with the whole group explicitly focusing on individual phonemes in words. Some of the oral activities we engaged in were segmenting (say the sounds in cat), identifying (where do you hear /a/ in the word cat?), substituting (change /c/ to /p/ in the word cat—what do you get?), deleting (say cat without /c/—what is left?), and adding (add /s/ to cat). Hand movements were incorporated during these activities. For example, swing your bat to blend /s//t//o//p/.

This approach is multisensory, fast-paced, and engaging. During small groups, I incorporated visual activities that supported phonemic awareness, such as word ladders for manipulating phonemes, elkonin boxes, magnetic chips and wands for segmenting sounds in words, and Slinkys for segmenting and blending individual phonemes in words. For instance, students would hold a Slinky in their hands and then pull it out for each individual sound, closing it again to blend sounds together and to say the whole word.

Application, application, application: I began scrutinizing my time spent on learning. I was so surprised at how little time my kids had to practice the skills introduced. I adopted an “I Do, We Do, You Do” gradual release structure. Every student needed the opportunity to hear, say, read, and spell.

Using that model, I realized that traditional centers such as independent reading and word work needed to be revamped. For example, rather than having kids choose books at random, I had them read the phonics passages we had been reading during small groups. The kids felt successful because the passages were familiar. I also saw an increase in fluency and accuracy scores on my Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) assessments, which we use to monitor early literacy skills. For word work, I had students work with sounds in words, either by manipulating phonemes through word ladders or by sorting by the number of phonemes in a word.

As students developed phonemic awareness, opportunities for application popped up everywhere. For example, a student named Charlie questioned why his name was alphabetized under C, with come and Carly, but it said /ch/. This made so much sense to me. For kids to truly understand the sound (phoneme) letter (grapheme) relation, words should be sorted by sound. I replaced my alphabetical word wall with a sound wall and never looked back. Now when I introduce sounds, we discuss articulation and our tongue and lip placement. The sound wall is a focal point in our room that supports kids as they are learning their sounds.

Mindfully choosing what students read: Students need material that contains words, sentences, and paragraphs that they can actually read. I became more intentional in the reading material I provided my kids. I began using decodable texts. These are books that follow a progression of phonics patterns. I tried my best to find books and/or passages that matched the skill(s) I had introduced. I saw my kids’ confidence increase because they were successful at reading. For a teacher, this is the best feeling.

At the same time, representation matters. Kids need to see themselves in the materials being used in the classroom to develop deep connections. For me, I gave all students access to high-quality texts, regardless of their reading ability. Through multiple readings of passages from the text, I was amazed at my students’ ability to explain and retain words, both orally and in writing, and even to use them in everyday conversations.

After we read Monica Brown’s Waiting for the Biblioburro, a student exclaimed, “Mrs. Hanifan, you inspired my mom to create her own fry bread!” The students had learned the word inspired from the text and began to use it in their own lives. I now use a critical lens when I’m selecting books for my students to engage with. I question who is represented or missing in the text, what is the focused content, and how is the text written.

Swapping sight word memorization for heart words: Many people, myself included, believed that rote memorization with flash cards was the way kids built their high-frequency word knowledge. However, most of these words can be sounded out phonetically and should be taught explicitly. This promotes orthographic mapping, the process whereby words are stored in memory. The “heart” reminds us that this part of the word needs to be learned “by heart.”

Before I began teaching the heart word method, I reviewed my scope and sequence and compiled all of the high-frequency words introduced. I then sorted them phonetically. This way, I could teach them explicitly as part of my whole and small group lessons. The kids are excited and notice heart words everywhere. This method has helped them remember how to read and spell a word when they hear it orally or see it in print.

Teaching reading explicitly and systematically has transformed the practice in my classroom and set all of my students up for success.

Category: Assessment, ELA, ELL, Intellectual Engagement, Reading Intervention, Teaching Strategies, Word Analysis/Spelling/Phonics, Writing | LEAVE A COMMENT
February 4

Carman: Nearly 2 years into COVID, the kids have gone feral and teachers are their prey

OPINION COLUMNS

Carman: Nearly 2 years into COVID, the kids have gone feral and teachers are their prey

Overwhelmed faculty members are pleading with parents to help the kids to stop acting like sociopaths and relearn basic social skills

Diane Carman
2:02 AM MST on Nov 21, 2021

My friends who are teachers thought 2020 would be the nadir.

Remote learning, hybrid classrooms, quarantines, working more than full time with no child care, angry parents, constantly changing instructional plans, pay cuts and fear for their own health left many questioning their career choice if not their sanity.

This year is worse.

A kind of mass hysteria has spread through school populations, particularly among middle school and younger high school students. Without the structure of classroom instruction last year, the whole educational cohort experienced a kind of collective arrested development — or worse.

They’ve gone feral.

Diane Carman

Ryan Silva, principal of Cherry Creek High School, sent a letter to parents this month asking for their help in getting the kids to stop acting like sociopaths.

On the school campus, Silva said students are “treating each other and adults disrespectfully … leaving trash in halls, cafeterias and outdoor spaces.”

Teachers report the students use profanity and racial epithets toward them and each other, refuse to do their work, disrupt classrooms and repeatedly ask to use the restroom so they can wander the halls and never return to class. Then when teachers attempt to limit restroom passes, the kids complain to their parents that the teachers are being unreasonable and won’t even allow them to use the bathroom.

The kids exhibit all manner of defiant behaviors from refusing to wear masks and vandalizing school property to berating other students and humiliating substitute teachers.

And there are more — and more vicious — fights.

Mike Eaton, chief of safety for Denver Public Schools, told Chalkbeat that fights in the district are up 21% over the same period in pre-pandemic 2019.

READ: Colorado Sun opinion columnists.

Restaurants and stores near Cherry Creek High School have started banning students from their establishments.

“Business owners and managers have called us to complain about students using foul language, damaging property, treating employees disrespectfully and showing little regard for other, nonstudent, patrons,” Silva wrote, noting that most of the complaints are about the behavior of freshmen and sophomores.

Support staff members have told Silva that they can’t keep up with the trash thrown about the school grounds and substitute teachers have said they will not work in classrooms with certain children because they are so rude and disruptive.

The behavioral dysfunction is rampant: fires set in restrooms, bullying, food stolen from lunchrooms, office equipment stolen or damaged, and the whole range of viral Tik Tok challenges designed to sabotage the educational environment.

(December’s prescribed activity could put kids on sex offender lists.)

The American Academy of Pediatrics diagnoses this in part as evidence of widespread mental illness resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, grief and loss, and disproportionate impacts on communities of color caused by structural racism.

To support their conclusions, the doctors cited increased rates of adolescent suicide and hikes in the numbers of emergency room visits for mental health crises.

“More than 140,000 children in the United States lost a primary and/or secondary caregiver, with youth of color disproportionately impacted,” said the report, issued last month. “We are caring for young people with soaring rates of depression, anxiety, trauma, loneliness, and suicidality that will have lasting impacts on them, their families, and their communities.”

Not all of the outrageous behavior can be attributed to trauma, however.

Silva points to the more severe behavioral problems that have occurred among high school freshmen and sophomores, a situation so extreme upper classmen have started complaining about the ill-behaved younger students.

After more than a year without the structure and routine of the traditional classroom environment as COVID precautions limited group gatherings, a lot of kids were left on their own. Many simply blew off remote learning and brought that same cavalier attitude toward their teachers, their fellow students and education in general when schools reopened in August.

Consumed by video games, YouTube and other social media, the immature students never learned how to behave in the real world of high school. Some forgot altogether the skills they learned as elementary school children on how to function in society.

 

Insecure about fitting in, behind in academics and empowered by the messages they were receiving from cynical social media platforms, they set out to wreck the system rather than try to find a place in it.

Now overwhelmed faculty members are pleading with parents to help.

“I am writing you to not only share my concern but to ask for your partnership,” Silva said. “Will you join us by talking to your child about appropriate behaviors when they are in restaurants, stores, classrooms and on our campus with friends?”

Stunningly, Silva is asking parents to help teach high school students such fundamental social skills as “Say please, thank you, excuse me and sorry … Pick up your trash … Don’t shout in the halls … Don’t run in the halls …”

TODAY’S UNDERWRITER

This isn’t a joke.

During the lockdown, dozens of memes circulated about parents realizing how hard it was to have their kids around the house with them all day and how they suddenly appreciated teachers a whole lot more.

“Ok. I see it clearly now. It wasn’t the teacher after all,” said one.

“At the end of our first day of my kids being out of school and our attempts at homeschooling, my conclusion: teachers are superheroes. The end,” said another.

And “Teachers deserve to make a billion dollars a year … or a week.”

Remember that.

Category: Classroom Management, Collaboration, Families/Parents, Intellectual Engagement, Social Emotional | LEAVE A COMMENT
December 1

Why Does Depth of Knowledge Matter?

Why Does Depth of Knowledge Matter?

March 17, 2014

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I’ll be honest with you: I remember first learning about Bloom’s Taxonomy when I was getting my teaching credential but I never really thought it was that big of a deal.  I had a decent understanding of what it was and how you could implement it.  What I didn’t get was why it mattered.

As we transition to the Common Core State Standards where Webb’s Depth of Knowledge (DOK) is the taxonomy of choice, the sentiment remained: why does depth of knowledge matter?  I recently had an eye-opening experience that has helped me realize that depth of knowledge is more critical than I ever realized and I want to share that experience with you so you can understand what we should be working towards.

I was working with a strong and motivated team of seventh grade math teachers in my school district.  We were in the process of creating an assessment to measure students’ understanding of CCSS 7.G.4 which states, “Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems; give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle.”

Area and circumference of circles was previously a 6th grade standard in California.  On the outgoing California Standards Test (CST), this standard was assessed using questions like the ones below from the released test questions.  All of the released test questions for this topic were DOK 1.

 

Accordingly, we decided to include two DOK 1 questions like these in the assessment.

 

Most students answered these two DOK 1 questions correctly.  Here are ten students who exemplify the process many of their peers used.

 

All ten of the students answered both of the DOK 1 questions correctly.  As a comparison, of the 396 seventh grade students assessed:
  • 68.26% correctly answered the circumference question
  • 78.59% correctly answered the area question

In years past, that would have been the extent of the assessment.  However, we wanted to know the depth of knowledge that students would be expected to demonstrate under the Common Core State Standards.  To determine this, and since California is a member of the Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium (SBAC), we looked at the SBAC Preliminary Test Blueprint which lists the DOK levels that students will be assessed at.  As you can see below, it shows that the cluster this standard is a part of will be assessed at DOK 1 and/or 2.

 

However, after seeing the SBAC Preliminary Test Blueprint we wondered, “What does a DOK 2 question for this standard look like and where would we find one?”  We couldn’t find one online or in our textbook so we spent about 15 minutes thinking of ideas, and eventually came up with this question below:

 

It honestly didn’t seem that impressive or that big of a difference to us.  We weren’t even sure if it really reached the DOK 2 level.  Ultimately we decided to include it on the assessment.  We graded this question by hand using the two-point SBAC rubric for evaluating constructed response questions which states:

  • For full credit (2 points):
    • Student reaches the correct conclusion AND student provides sufficient reasoning to support this conclusion.
  • For partial credit (1 point):
    • Student reaches the correct conclusion but does not provide sufficient reasoning to support this conclusion OR
    • Student does not reach the correct conclusion but provides reasoning to support this conclusion that contains a minor conceptual or computation error.

Here are the same ten students answering the DOK 2 question:

 

Of the ten students, only one earned two points.  Six earned one point and the remaining three earned zero points.  As a comparison, of the 396 seventh grade students assessed only 12.12% earned two points on the DOK 2 question.

We were shocked.  We thought that there might be a difference in results between the two types of questions but we didn’t think it would be this dramatic.

Some interesting additional facts:

  • 97.92% of the students who correctly answered the DOK 2 question also correctly answered both of the two DOK 1 questions.  So, correctly answering the DOK 2 question was a strong predictor of students’ ability to answer both of the DOK 1 questions correctly.
  • 10.61% of the students who correctly answered both of the two DOK 1 questions also correctly answered the DOK 2 question.  So, correctly answering both of the DOK 1 questions did not mean students would be able to answer the DOK 2 question.
  • 28.28% of the students earned only one point.  All of them earned one point by choosing Circle B and providing insufficient reasoning.  Among the most common explanations determined to have insufficient reasoning were:
    • “Area is always bigger than circumference”
    • “Area is everything inside the circle and circumference is everything outside the circle.  There is always more space outside of a circle.”
  • 59.59% of the students earned no points meaning they picked circle A and had insufficient reasoning.

 

Here were our takeaways:

  • We have had a false belief that students were proficient with this standard because we assessed them with questions that measured shallow depths of knowledge.
  • We don’t know exactly why students got the DOK 2 problem wrong and it requires more investigation.  Did they get the DOK 2 problem wrong because:
    • the DOK 1 problems asked students to plug in the radius and go forward while the DOK 2 problem asked them to work backwards to find the radius?
    • the DOK 1 problems told students exactly what action to take (i.e., find the area or circumference) while the DOK 2 problem did not give specific instructions and students had to figure out how to connect the two circles?
  • It isn’t fair to assess students at higher DOK levels when we haven’t incorporated them into our instruction.  Hence, we better incorporate them into our instruction.
  • Finding DOK 2 and DOK 3 questions can be really challenging.  Hence, my real life colleague, Nanette Johnson, and I created a website called Open Middle (based on inspiration from a Dan Meyer presentation) where we have a growing number of higher DOK problems.  Check it out and you will find a variety of problems you can immediately use.

 

What other takeaways do you have that we missed?

Category: Assessment, Collaboration, ELA, Intellectual Engagement, Istations, Math, Reading, Reading Intervention, Wonders, Word Analysis/Spelling/Phonics, Writing | LEAVE A COMMENT
November 12

Gallery Walk-Collaborative Learning Strategy

https://www.facinghistory.org/professional-development/ondemand/gallery-walk

viewing-guide-gallery-walk-maa

Category: Classroom Management, Collaboration, ELA, ELL, Intellectual Engagement, Reading, Social Emotional, Teaching Strategies | LEAVE A COMMENT
November 12

Collaboration Learning Strategies

Jigsaw

Jigsaw is a cooperative learning strategy that enables each student of a “home” group to specialize in one aspect of a topic (for example, one group studies habitats of rainforest animals, another group studies predators of rainforest animals). Students meet with members from other groups who are assigned the same aspect, and after mastering the material, return to the “home” group and teach the material to their group members. With this strategy, each student in the “home” group serves as a piece of the topic’s puzzle and when they work together as a whole, they create the complete jigsaw puzzle.

When to use:  Before reading  During reading  After reading
How to use:  Individually  With small groups  Whole class setting

More comprehension strategies

  • Reading Guide
  • Reciprocal Teaching
  • Story Maps

Why use jigsaw?

  • It helps build comprehension.
  • It encourages cooperative learning among students.
  • It helps improve listening, communication, and problem-solving skills.

 

 

How to use jigsaw

  1. Introduce the strategy and the topic to be studied.
  2. Assign each student to a “home group” of 3-5 students who reflect a range of reading abilities.
  3. Determine a set of reading selections and assign one selection to each student.
  4. Create “expert groups” that consist of students across “home groups” who will read the same selection.
  5. Give all students a framework for managing their time on the various parts of the jigsaw task.
  6. Provide key questions to help the “expert groups” gather information in their particular area.
  7. Provide materials and resources necessary for all students to learn about their topics and become “experts.”Note: It is important that the reading material assigned is at appropriate instructional levels (90–95% reading accuracy).
  8. Discuss the rules for reconvening into “home groups” and provide guidelines as each “expert” reports the information learned.
  9. Prepare a summary chart or graphic organizer for each “home group” as a guide for organizing the experts’ information report.
  10. Remind students that “home group” members are responsible to learn all content from one another.

Watch: Jigsaw

Go inside Cathy Doyle’s second grade classroom in Evanston, Illinois to observe her students use the jigsaw strategy to understand the topic of gardening more deeply and share what they have learned. Joanne Meier, our research director, introduces the strategy and talks about the importance of advanced planning and organization to make this strategy really effective.

Examples

Learn how to use the jigsaw strategy across different content areas, including author studies, writing, and math. See example >

Learn how one teacher used jigsaw to help her students develop their own definition of a fairy tale, and how her students responded to the self-directed activity. See example >

Visit the Jigsaw Classroom, a site dedicated to teaching teachers how to use jigsaw to “reduce racial conflict among school children, promote better learning, improve student motivation, and increase enjoyment of the learning experience.” It also covers how teachers can facilitate the strategy with several different types of learners. See example >

Differentiated instruction

For second language learners, students of varying reading skill, students with learning disabilities, and younger learners

  • Give students experience with small group learning skills before participating in the jigsaw strategy.
  • Have students fill out a graphic organizer in the “home group” to gather all the information presented by each “expert.”
  • “Home groups” can present results to the entire class, or they may participate in some assessment activity.
  • Circulate to ensure that groups are on task and managing their work well; ask groups to stop and think about how they are checking for everyone’s understanding and ensuring that everyone’s voice is heard; and
  • Monitor the comprehension of the group members by asking questions and rephrasing information until it is clear that all group members understand the points.

See the research that supports this strategy

Aronson, E. (2000-2008). Jigsaw Classroom: Overview of the technique.

Aronson, E., & Goode, E. (1980). Training teachers to implement jigsaw learning: A manual for teachers. In S. Sharan, P. Hare, C. Webb, and R. Hertz-Lazarowitz (Eds.), Cooperation in Education (pp. 47-81). Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press.

Aronson, E., & Patnoe, S. (1997). The jigsaw classroom: Building cooperation in the classroom (2nd ed.). New York: Addison Wesley Longman.

Clarke, J. (1994). Pieces of the puzzle: The jigsaw method. In S. Sharan (Ed.), Handbook of cooperative learning methods. Westport CT: Greenwood Press.

Colorín Colorado. (2007). Cooperative Learning Strategies.

Muskingum College, Center for Advancement and Learning (CAL). (n.d.)

Slavin, R. E. (1980). Cooperative learning in teams: State of the art. Educational Psychologist, 15, 93-111.

Slavin, R. E. (1995). Cooperative learning: Theory, research, and practice (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Tierney, R. (1995) Reading Strategies and Practices. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Category: Classroom Management, Collaboration, Intellectual Engagement, Reading, Social Emotional | LEAVE A COMMENT
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